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    METACHAR ACTER   UNIX  shell  अनेक मेटाचारेक्टर प्रोवाइड करता है जो किसी भी शैल स्कफ्रिप्त में उनका उसे करते टाइम विषेस माइनिंग रखते और जब तक काशी सोवळे नहीं हो जाते तब काट किसी वर्ड का एंडिंग का कारन बनते है।                                                     ex:--     एक directory में फिलो को लिस्टिंग करते टाइम एक सिंगल चैरेक्टर में रखा जाता है और * एक से अधिक वर्ड को मैचेस करता है यह शैल के अधिकांश पत्रों को लिस्ट दी गयी है जिन्हे metacharacter बोला  जाता है.   * ? [ ] " ' \    /    $ : ; ( ) | ^ < >  \.   नई लाइन स्पेस तब   #!/bin/sh  echo hello; word  #!/bin/sh  echo "I have \$1200" 1. <  single quotes : all special charecters between these quotes lose their special.  ex. --...

UNIX in Hindi UNIX एक multi tasking, multi user operating system  है जिसे सन 1969  में AT & T LABS  में बनाया गया था। जिसे AT & T में काम करने वाले computer  scientist  ken Thompson  &   Denis Ritchie and  उनके friends ने मिलकर  बनाया गया था.  ऐसे AT & T   ने अपने उसे के लिए बनाया गया था लेकिन बाद में सन 1970 में इसे commercialize कर दिया गया था।  इस Operating System को ख़ास तौर पर Programmers और developers के लिए बनाया गया था। इसकी बजह यह थी की यह Modular Programming Interface design provide करता था जिसे "Unix Philosophy" भी कहा जाता है। UNIX Operating System को 'C' और Assembly Programming Languages में लिखा गया था। C Programming language को खास तौर पर UNIX बनाने के लिए ही develop किया गया था और इसे भी Denis Ritchie द्वारा ही बनाया गया था। आज भी 'C' Programming Language को बहुत ख़ास माना जाता है क्यूंकि Device Drivers इसी language में ज्यादातर लिखे जाते हैं और साथ ही इसे  Mother...

Addressing modes of microprocessor 8086 8086 The way of specifying data to be operated by an instruction is known as  addressing modes . This specifies that the given data is an immediate data or an address. It also specifies whether the given operand is register or register pair. Types of addressing modes: Register mode –  In this type of addressing mode both the operands are registers. Example: MOV AX, BX XOR AX, DX ADD AL, BL Immediate mode –  In this type of addressing mode the source operand is a 8 bit or 16 bit data. Destination operand can never be immediate data. Example: MOV AX, 2000 MOV CL, 0A ADD AL, 45 AND AX, 0000 Note that to initialize the value of segment register an register is required. MOV AX, 2000 MOV CS, AX Displacement or direct mode –  In this type of addressing mode the effective address is directly given in the instruction as displacement. Example: MOV AX, [DISP] MOV AX, [0500] Register indirect mode –  In thi...

Instruction set of microprocessor 8086 The 8086 microprocessor supports 8 types of instructions − Data Transfer Instructions Arithmetic Instructions Bit Manipulation Instructions String Instructions Program Execution Transfer Instructions (Branch & Loop Instructions) Processor Control Instructions Iteration Control Instructions Interrupt Instructions Let us now discuss these instruction sets in detail. Data Transfer Instructions These instructions are used to transfer the data from the source operand to the destination operand. Following are the list of instructions under this group − Instruction to transfer a word MOV  − Used to copy the byte or word from the provided source to the provided destination. PPUSH  − Used to put a word at the top of the stack. POP  − Used to get a word from the top of the stack to the provided location. PUSHA  − Used to put all the registers into the stack. POPA  − Used to get words from the...

Programming model of microprocessor 8085 prograaming modal  chhah saamaany prayojan rajistar 1.8085 mein chhah saamaany prayojan rajistar hote hain jaise b, ch, d, ai, h, l. 2. mote rajistar ko 16-bit opareshan (beesee, de, echel) karane ke lie rajistar jode ke roop mein joda ja sakata hai. sanchayakarta rajistar 1. yah akshar a dvaara pahachaana jaata hai. 2. yah alu ka ek hissa hai. 3. isamen 8-bit deta storej hai. 4. yah ankaganit aur taarkik sanchaalan karata hai. 5. kisee opareshan ka parinaam sanchaayak mein sangraheet kiya jaata hai. dhvaj panjee 1. yah bhee alu ka ek hissa hai 2.8085 mein paanch jhandon ke naam hain -jiro jhanda (z) -kaary dhvaj (chy) -sain phlaig (es) -parivartan dhvaj (p) sahaayak kairee phlaig (esee) 3. in jhande dhvaj rajistar mein paanch phlip-phlop hain. 4. ek ankaganit / tark sanchaalan ka nishpaadan in jhandon ko set ya reeset kar sakata hai. 5. sophtaveyar nirdeshon ke maadhyam se jhande (set ya reeset) ka pareeks...

Addressing modes of microprocessor 8085 The way of specifying data to be operated by an instruction is called addressing Types of addressing modes – In 8085 microprocessor there are 5 types of addressing modes: Immediate Addressing Mode – In immediate addressing mode the source operand is always data. If the data is 8-bit, then the instruction will be of 2 bytes, if the data is of 16-bit then the instruction will be of 3 bytes. Examples: MVI B 45 (move the data 45H immediately to register B) LXI H 3050 (load the H-L pair with the operand 3050H immediately) JMP address (jump to the operand address immediately). Register Addressing Mode – In register addressing mode, the data to be operated is available inside the register(s) and register(s) is(are) operands. Therefore the operation is performed within various registers of the microprocessor. Examples: MOV A, B (move the contents of register B to register A) ADD B (add contents of registers A and B and s...